Internet Reference

Internet

• IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
  • Top-level domains

• ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
  • Applications for top-level domains
  • whois

• IETF
  • RFCs

• faqs.org
  • RFCs

The Web (HTTP)

• HTTP

• HTTP at MDN Web Docs
  • HTTP methods
  • HTTP headers
  • HTTP response codes

• To view HTTP headers on Chrome:
  Console - Network - (Reload page) - (select a request) - Headers

HTML

• HTML

• w3schools.com
  • List of HTML elements
  • List of HTML Color Names

• MDN web docs
  • List of HTML elements

HTML5 and the HTML spec

• HTML spec was formerly controlled by w3.org
• Differences arose between browser vendors and w3.org over the direction of HTML.
• w3.org was pushing a move to XHTML.
• Browser vendors wanted an improved regular HTML, which became HTML5.
• Browser vendors won, and w3.org is no longer in charge of HTML spec.

• HTML 5

• WHATWG (browser vendor group)
  • HTML spec
  • DOM spec

• HTML 5 finally includes proper multimedia support.
• It includes <video> and <audio> tags to standardise multimedia embedding.

HTML special characters

• List of XML and HTML character entity references
• List of HTML Character Entities at w3.org
• Displayed with:
  • &name;
  • &#nnn;

CSS

• w3schools.com
  • CSS tutorial
  • reference
  • CSS Selectors
  • CSS Colors

• MDN Web Docs
  • CSS
  • reference

ASCII and other characters

• ASCII characters (1 byte per character)

• extended (8-bit) characters:
  • Windows-1252 (most popular 8 bit scheme)
  • ISO/IEC 8859-1 (same thing)
  • ascii-code.com

Character encoding is now extended to all alphabets:

• Unicode
  • UTF-8. Variable number of bytes per character (1 to 4).
    Uses 1 byte for ASCII chars (is identical to ASCII). Uses 1 to 4 bytes for other characters.

• Character encodings on the Web. UTF-8 is the standard.

Key codes

• Arrows, special keys, shift-key, ctrl-key, etc.
• Not the same as character codes.

• Javascript key codes (can press key to see its key code)
• Javascript Char Codes (Key Codes)
• Key codes

Percent encoding

• Percent encoding HEX values (%nn) often used in HTTP:

  space %20
  space +
  
  " %22
  % %25
  & %26
  / %2F
  
  : %3A
  < %3C
  = %3D
  > %3E
  ? %3F
  

• Javascript encodeURIComponent ( string ) converts string to percent-encoded format
• Online URL encoders

• Can run Online or standalone PHP with:
  • urlencode
  • urldecode

Javascript Percent-encoder

Encode Decode

HTML special characters encoder

• HTML Character Encoder
• HTML Entities Converter

• Unicode Text Analyzer - Paste text in to get characters analysed

My pages

• Computers and Internet
• Computers and Internet Links
• Web browsers

My early history online

• The Internet in the 1980s when I started using it.
• My first trace on the Internet that survives: post to comp.unix.questions, 31 Mar 1988.
• How my program passed the Turing Test - a program I put online in 1989.
• My "home page", Feb 1989.

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